Learning Disabilities in India Essay - 2033 Words

Government policy for the Disabled The â€Å"Rehabilitation Council of India Act, 1992† entitles a child with special needs be taught by a trained person. The â€Å"Persons with Disabilities Act, 1995† section 25 to 31 paved ways for the many provisions in the area of education like prevention, early detection, ensuring free compulsory education in an appropriate environment, reservations in the higher education institutions and employment opportunities. Various schemes and programs were a part of this act. (Empowerment, n.d.). One such is the â€Å"Education of Children and Youth with Disabilities† schemes such as the Integrated Education for Disabled that provide incentives for including students with disabilities into the mainstream (Singal, 2008).†¦show more content†¦The problems encountered in the understanding of Learning Disabilities are mostly due to the limited awareness among the key participants in the student life. The availability of professional services is limited to a co untry with this magnitude of the population. The diverse linguistic and cultural background is another contributing element that has hindered the study (Ramaa, 2000 P. Karanth ,J. Rozario 2003 p. 26-28). The definition, practices and assessment of Learning difficulties used in India are highly based on the Western ideologies and practices. There is a need to perceive the issues and essential need to conduct research related to learning disability in the Indian context. The research work requires as commented by Karanth P. 2003 â€Å"proper documentation and dissemination† to meet the needs of the child as he progresses into adulthood. The Learning Disability definition is quite ambiguous that results in identifying and classification of children difficult; however the NJCLD definition is widely accepted in India (Vidya Agarwal, 2008). Aalsvoort summarizes the issues related to defining of learning disability as a difference of approach. Researchers at times look at the extr insic factors such as socio-economic status or developmental issues like language and academic skill of the student. (Aalsvoort, 2008) ScreeningShow MoreRelatedDisability As Defined By The Act Person With Disability Act1680 Words   |  7 PagesDefining Disability Disability as defined by the act Person With Disability Act, 1995 covers blindness, low vision, leprosy-cured, hearing impairment, locomotor disability, mental retardation and mental illness as well as multiple disabilities. â€Å"Any lack resulting from impairment of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for human being†. (World Health Organization, 2001) Autism: â€Å"A condition of uneven skill development primarily affecting the communicationRead MoreThe Perspective Of System Theory And Modern Anthropological Trends Child Essay1687 Words   |  7 Pages National policy for children with disability The constitution of India has guaranteed the right to equality, freedom, justice and dignity of all individual and implicitly mandates and inclusive society for all including person with disabilities. According to the 2001 census there are 2.19 crore persons with disability in India who constitute 2.13 percent of the total population It includes person with visual, hearing, speech, locomotors and mental disabilities. According to 2011 census reports theRead MoreRole of Panchayati Raj Institutions in the Assessment and Identification of Disability1575 Words   |  7 PagesAND ASSESSMENT OF THE SPECIAL NEED CHILDREN. Dr. Seema Singh*, Mrs. Paromita chaubey The 73rd amendment to the Indian constitution (1992) is a landmark in the evolution of Panchayats in India which carved out the third tier of the Indian Political System. Earlier we had only two Tiers - the union and the State governments. Now we have the third tier – the panchayats at the village block and district levels. Panchayats have been theRead MoreDyslexi Learning Disabilities ( Spld )1587 Words   |  7 Pagesdefined as specific reading disability, is one of the Specific Learning Disabilities (SpLD). The term ‘dyslexia’ was coined by Rudolf Berlin of Stuttgart, Germany, in 1887 (Wagner 1973). The term dyslexia comes from the Greek dys – ‘impaired’ – and lexis – ‘word’ which refers to impairment in the ability to read and spell that is not due to low intelligence or lack of educational opportunity (Brunswick 2009). Dyslexia was the first general term used to describe various learning problems such as Att entionRead MoreLearning From The Crisis Prevention Course Essay815 Words   |  4 Pagesprevention. LEARNING FROM THE CRISIS PREVENTION COURSE When I heard about this course, i felt that I need to know about crisis prevention and how to handle those situations causing crisis. However, later when i went through the objectives of the course i understand that this is so helpful in identify factors causing crisis, learning to prevent them, assess the situation, and manage them. I also understand learning crisis prevention is essential to become a disability support workerRead More​Children with Disabilities are Often Marginalized in Society1299 Words   |  6 Pagescountries. Because the segregation of individuals with developmental delay is so severe, people are often unwilling to admit to having family members with developmental disabilities (Kalyanpur, 2008). For example, approximately 95% of students with special needs have never obtained an education at all, whether inclusive or special, in India (Kalyanpur). According to Kalyanpur, Indian students with cognitive developmental delay are 4 times l ess likely to be accepted to school than Indian students who areRead MoreDiversity Reflection Essay896 Words   |  4 Pageswas also very diverse. There are two major military installations located in Savannah, GA as well large industries that draw people from all over the world. My classmates were from all different areas of the country as well as the world including India, South Africa, and even Kazakhstan. I believe that I was very fortunate to have a strong mix of diversity in my life growing up. The diversity mix actually grew larger when I started working to include several religious backgrounds and people withRead MoreMusic Therapy For Children And Adults With Learning Disabilities1662 Words   |  7 Pagestypes of literature on the topic of music therapy, the background of music therapy, how it takes place and how it helps clients with autism. A lot of the literature found on the topic music therapy found it helped children and adults with learning disabilities. This section of the dissertation will analyse the literature that is already available on music therapy and autism. It will also analyse literature on drug therapies. I will explore the history of music therapy how and why it is used, howRead MoreBirth Defects in differenct Cultures1229 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Department of Education that states that students with disabilities who are victims of bullying are in denial of FAPE (free appropriate public education) which then violates the Individuals with Disabi lities Act (IDEA) making bullying illegal. This reinforcement by the Department addresses, the stigma and prejudice that drives bullying behavior, (Yudin 5) and is to be used to decrease bullying of students with any sort of disabilities, including mental illnesses. The Department of Education’sRead MoreMental Health : An Integral Part Of Health And Well Being Of Human Being1342 Words   |  6 Pagesrange of socioeconomic factors that need to be addressed through comprehensive strategies for promotion, prevention, treatment and recovery in a whole-of-government approach. There are several studies pertaining to mental health issues not only in India but also in the Western world. The prominent theorists have argued that accurate perceptions of the self, the world, and the future are essential for mental health. Yet considerable research evidence suggests that overly positive self-evaluations,

The Dangers Of Drugs And Alcohol - 2241 Words

Throughout the years, drugs and alcohol have always been a problem to law enforcement, not only because of its illegal usage, but also because of the problems that it causes when consumed. As our society progresses, drugs and alcohol have frequently been the cause of many crimes. In fact, our society as a whole has always been on a tangent of positions against or for drugs and alcohol. From the Prohibition Era to the current media trends that drugs are NOT cool to do anymore, our stances have always been vastly different in regards to both. The social and economic alone cost us more money and trouble than they are actually worth. Drinking is dangerous to your body, and harms it completely. Heavy drinking increases the risk of cancer. The†¦show more content†¦Heavy drinking can cause blood pressure to rise. It disrupts the sympathetic nervous system and causes trouble for the entire body. The effect becomes chronic leading to many other problems like kidney disease, heart disease, and stroke. It also causes nerve damage. Alcohol neuropathy produces numbness in various parts of the body. Alcohol is toxic to nerve cells which causes the neuropathy Heavy and constant drinking can cause your frontal lobes to shrink. Severe alcoholism could cause permanent brain damage and even dementia. Even acute withdrawal can lead to seizures and delirium. It causes your ability for impulse and speaking to be compromised. The immune system is also severely weakened by alcohol. Alcohol abusers are more likely to get pneumonia or tuberculosis. They are also more prone to develop many forms of cancer such as brain cancer or liver cancer. Not only does alcohol affect our citizens, but as a whole, it affects our society. Binge drinking is reported by 18% of adults in the United States. Binge drinking is known as consuming 4 or more drinks per occasion. It negatively affects the life of the consumer and those around them. Economic costs are resulted by loss in workplace productivity are 72%. The brain slows down and limits functions adults need to work like thinking or motor abilities. If they can barely think straight, are they really capable

Pornification of culture Free Essays

In a world where amazing technology has change our way of life, the issue of pornification of culture has become a common phenomenon among people in all over the world especially among youth. This issue has become serious when there are lots of social illnesses that occur among teenagers nowadays. The integration of the Internet along with sophisticated gadget that seems to become enhanced day by day in which we ourselves could not imagine of how superior it is in the future has changed the system of communication a lot and with these modern technologies, the oundaries across the countries and time are no longer becomes a matter to us. We will write a custom essay sample on Pornification of culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, when our life turn out to be more easier and faster, some of us would often violate the purpose of these facilities as it bring disaster towards one’s life when they involve with the popular culture that exists in todays fashion, music, games, etc. It is not an issue if those are used in a positive and correct ways, but to some extent people used them to get access to pornography and many other related issue which is sometimes can abuse the role of man as a vicegerent in this earth. It will also lead o numerous types of social problems and this natural process that happened should not be look upon lightly, hence urgent action need to be taken strictly and serious to overcome this new challenges. When dealing with the rising trend of pornification of culture across the world today, people from all cultural backgrounds including parents are very concerns towards their children particularly girls. We are facing a serious issue of increasing influences from popular culture and celebrity which sometimes portrays bad role models towards children as they are not matured enough to consider which is good o follow and which is bad to avoid. Some people in the west, for example, are extremely worried about the increasing pornographic elements in children’s fashion (Feiler, 2013). The way fashion designers intend to create new fashions among children and teenagers is as if they would like them to expose themselves with sexualisation through the various types of clothes and pants which every parent are worried about. The hardest part is when the children are always rebel against their own parents because those fashions are become common and usual to them. Even the west are fear with this rising issue, what more if we are Muslims. Both the Muslims and non-Muslims today are beginning to realize that they have to work together to deal with this complex challenges. The concern is not Just only towards the children’s fashion. Recently, Muslims and non-Muslims in Canada were united to join effort in protesting against the proposed plan to ban the wearing of religious garments that reflects the identity of their own religion. This shows that many people around the world understand the importance of religion in a modern world (New Straits Time, 2013). The probability of both sides working together may involve the ole of religion in everyday life. The need to defend their own identity has urged them to be united so that everyone has rights to voice out their concern about religion. Discussing on the religion, nowadays, people begin to accept the true practice of need of religion in their life to guide them along straight path. Teenagers particularly becomes attracted towards Islam because of the increasing number of young Imams who are able to preach the teaching of Islam and at the same time follow their lifestyle which is in conforms to the way of life of the teenagers. Even though Islam in America today still remains a minority religion, many people have realized the proper religious teaching to their children in order to encounter the problems among youths today (New Straits Time, 2013). The importance of having young Imams in the society is crucial at this time in order to prevent the decline of morality among teen and guide them if they have gone astray and involve with social problems. Their roles are needed because sometimes the nurture from parents are not enough as they are always busy with works and from the teaching of these Imams, it also helps to provide with mental along with spiritual aspect of life. Not only that, women nowadays also begins to involve with the society as they starting to realize that women in their societies are the key to solving serious social and moral problems like teenage pregnancies, alcoholism and religious extremism (Shulman, 2012). We cannot deny that the role of women these days are also as significant as the role of man because the women is needed to encounter problems faced by most of the girls teen and women adults as the approach of women to women gives more comfort. Besides, they also feel like this is the time to bring back the dignity of women and levate their status in society so that women will not be oppressed easily by man and their Justice should also be preserved. This is one of the ways in order to help solving the problems involving teenagers which become serious with the issue of pornification of culture. In one of the Western countries, the issues of alcoholism have achieved the alert stage in which actions should be taken immediately. The consumption of alcohol or known as binge-drinking in Britain had risen the expenses related to health and also caused rising levels of death and diseases (The Star, 2012). As we already know, lcohol is one of the major cause for the social problems today because it can makes people drunk and they are not realize of what they are doing. Thus, from alcohol drinking only, people can involve in prostitution, pregnancy, rape, murder and etc. which is very common issue that we heard lately. Everyone involving the government should begin to do something and taken several steps to reduce the consumption of alcohol so that the major illness among teenagers will slowly decrease. It is also becomes everyone’s role in order to help reducing the problems slowly so that the problems in the society will not be prolonged to the future. How to cite Pornification of culture, Papers

HUM2210 Western HumanitiesAncient to Renaissance

HUM2210 Western Humanities:Ancient to Renaissance- Part 3 All of the following are desired of Baldassare Castigliones luomo universale EXCEPT charity to the less fortunate. The humanists in Lorenzos court have viewed Venus in Botticellis Primavera as an allegory for the highest moral qualities. Lorenzo Ghiberti created a vivid sense of real space in his design by using foreshortening It is remarkable that a competition was held in 1401 to design the doors to the Florence Baptistery, given that scarcely over a half century earlier, the city had witnessed as much as four fifths of its population succumb to the Black Death. According to Pico della Mirandola in the Oration on the Dignity of Man, humans are the most fortunate of living things, because of their great gift of free will. Dufays Nuper rosarum flores repeats the fixed melody on 6, 4, 2, and 3 units per breve to mirror the proportions of Solomons Temple and the Florence Cathedral. How did Filippo Brunelleschi construct his dome without temporary wooden scaffolding? The domes ribs function as support, so scaffolding is part of the design. Cosimo de Medici founded Florences Platonic Academy to provide a place for the study and discussion of Platos works Piero Della Francesca painted Federigo de Montefeltro, duke of Urbino, in profile because Federigo was missing an eye and part of his nose. Leonardo da Vincis Last Supper fresco is unique for its psychological realism. In Titians Sacred and Profane Love, sacred love is represented by the nude woman. In the School of Athens, Raphael represents Plato pointing upward to signify the location of the realm of ideal forms. In Renaissance Italy, the education of women was, to some degree, necessitated by the rise of the merchant class. In the School of Athens, Aristotle directs his palm down to indicate that knowledge comes from study of the natural world. Villa La Rotunda was modeled upon the Pantheon. In The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men, Lucretia Marinella claims that men who denigrate women are motivated by anger and envy. According to the ancient Roman Vitruvius, the ideal human body should be eight times the size of the human head. Donato Bramante applied the Vitruvian circle inscribed with a square to his church designs to symbolize the perfection of God Michelangelo placed the Separation of Light from Darkness at the far end of the Sistine Chapel over the altar, because it was intended to symbolize the viewers distance from creations goodness and truth Venetian artists begin favoring oil paint over tempera, because it gave their work more luminosity and realistic details. Why in his later years did Martin Luther claim that the Jews were devils and blasphemers? Jews did not willingly convert in great numbers to the reformed Christianity. At the heart of Martin Luthers outrage at the Churchs salvation for sale was class inequity and injustice. Satire aims to convey the contradiction between real and ideal situations Ulrich Zwingli launched his program of iconoclasm in Zurich to protest the excesses of the Vatican. Martin Luther rebelled against the Church mandate about celibacy for those in a religious vocation, because faith, to him, equalized everyone, including the clergy. Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More revived the Classical literary genre of satire. The first major work that Johannes Gutenberg published using his printing press was The Forty-Two Line Bible. The Roman Catholic Church condemned Franà §ois Rabelaiss Gargantua and Pantagruel for attacking medieval theologys dogmas and sacraments. Michel de Montaigne invented the personal essay. Why did many Northern European artists turn to painting portraits and landscapes? The market for religious art was diminishing. Which of the following is NOT one of William Byrds reasons for people to learn to sing? It makes people more pleasant. What in Dr. Faustus would become a standard feature of the Elizabethan stage? blending of tragic and comedy English families agreed to colonize Roanoke Island in 1587 in exchange for land. England sought to establish a colonial foothold in the Americas to counter the powerful Hispanic Catholic presence there. Which Elizabethan writer used the English sonnet form so successfully that it has been given his name? William Shakespeare In an English sonnet, the resolution or explanation is the last couplet. in Hans Holbeins The Ambassadors, the skull between the two ambassadors represents the fate that awaits us all Publication of what work directly inspired sacred music during the Elizabethan age? The First Book of Common Prayer Henry VIII wrote a tract condemning Martin Luther and his religious reforms to earn a Defender of the Faith title from the pope. For John Smith and the English people, Pocahontas symbolized the Jamestown colonys civilizing mission.

The trailers for Men in Black Essay Example For Students

The trailers for Men in Black Essay Write an analysis of the trailers for Men in Black, Unbreakable and The Little Mermaid, focus particularly on the target audience and genre of each trailer.  A trailer is a collection of the most significant scenes of a film put together as part of a teaser campaign to attract a particular audience. There are many factors used in trailers that make it suitable for the target audience and also depict the genre of the film. There are different types of trailers used to entice audiences. Some trailers tell you a brief summary of the film, whereas others just show scenes without a voiceover to support it as part of a teaser campaign. The significant scenes normally include powerful scenes that show the genre of the film without saying so. The styles of trailer used are normally related to the genre.  The three film trailers that will be examined, are, Men in Black, Unbreakable and The Little Mermaid. They are all very different films that all have different genres and attract different audiences. We will write a custom essay on The trailers for Men in Black specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Unbreakable is a supernatural thriller. There are two main things that show this. One of these is the text that appears on the screen that reads from the makers of The Sixth Sense. This film was a thriller which implies that so is Unbreakable. This is also proved through the short dramatic scenes and the suspense it creates by not giving too much away. It is aimed at fifteen year olds and over. There is no music in this or any fast moving clips which means the trailer and film is designed for a mature audience. However, The Little Mermaid is an animated adventure. It is targeted at children aged between two to twelve years old. The first thing that proves this is when the trailer starts and the graphics are animated similar to cartoons. The fast moving clips that show a variety of angles help keep the child entertained along with the lively music. It is necessary to keep young children entertained by using colour, bold graphics, lively scenes and music Men in Black is a sci-fi comedy action. This is shown when the voice of Tommy Lee Jones (main character in film) says we are here to monitor extra terrestrial activity on Earth. This is the first clue that implies the film is science fiction. The part of the genre to do with comedy is show to us through the short clips throughout the trailer. The film is aimed at twelve to sixteen year olds. This is because it uses young humour that the target audience can relate to. Also the creatures in the film could appear quite frightening to an audience of younger than twelve. The three films seem to contrast greatly, one is an animated adventure, and the other a sci-fi mixed with comedy whereas the last is a supernatural thriller.  All three trailers tell us the names of the films but at certain intervals in the trailers. The trailer for The Little Mermaid tells us the name of the trailer right at the beginning of the trailer with a very dramatic climax of singing and music in the background. This is probably to do with the target audience. Children have a short concentration span and so it is important to tell them the name of the film right at the beginning of the trailer so they know what it is about. The added climax also helps keep the attention of the children. In the trailer for Men in Black the title of the film is the last piece of information given through the voiceover. This is because it does not really play significant part in the film. The film is about science fiction not men in black suits.  In the trailer for Unbreakable the name of the film is given right at the end of the trailer. It is just shown on the screen with no voice over. This ties in with the type of film it is. Because it is a supernatural thriller and the idea of keeping the audience in suspense, right through the trailer you are made to feel very curious about what the film is called and so are kept in suspense right through the trailer. .u431b1c58a12c2489a6018b1bfa167f6f , .u431b1c58a12c2489a6018b1bfa167f6f .postImageUrl , .u431b1c58a12c2489a6018b1bfa167f6f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u431b1c58a12c2489a6018b1bfa167f6f , .u431b1c58a12c2489a6018b1bfa167f6f:hover , .u431b1c58a12c2489a6018b1bfa167f6f:visited , .u431b1c58a12c2489a6018b1bfa167f6f:active { border:0!important; } .u431b1c58a12c2489a6018b1bfa167f6f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u431b1c58a12c2489a6018b1bfa167f6f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u431b1c58a12c2489a6018b1bfa167f6f:active , .u431b1c58a12c2489a6018b1bfa167f6f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u431b1c58a12c2489a6018b1bfa167f6f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u431b1c58a12c2489a6018b1bfa167f6f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u431b1c58a12c2489a6018b1bfa167f6f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u431b1c58a12c2489a6018b1bfa167f6f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u431b1c58a12c2489a6018b1bfa167f6f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u431b1c58a12c2489a6018b1bfa167f6f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u431b1c58a12c2489a6018b1bfa167f6f .u431b1c58a12c2489a6018b1bfa167f6f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u431b1c58a12c2489a6018b1bfa167f6f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay About Music In A Clockwork OrangeTwo of the film trailers use a voiceover. These are Men in Black and The Little Mermaid. There is no voiceover used in Unbreakable. This is to do with the genre of the film. Because the film is a thriller and has a supernatural theme, the whole trailer seems to follow this idea. Therefore without having a voiceover it makes it sound eerie and because voiceovers are typical of film trailers, it could also be implying that this is a not so typical film. The voice over in the Men in Black trailer is only used near the end. It tells you the famous actors that are in the movie starring Tommy Lee Jones and Will Smith and gives you information about other films made by the same makers of Men in Black. It then tells you the name of the film and the slogan protecting the Earth from the scum of the Universe. The voiceover is only used to give you extra information about the film such as whos in the film and info on the director. The clips that are used from the film are the most significant ones that are put together to give the audience a quick summary of the film.

Ça Alors - French Expression

Ça Alors - French Expression The French exclamation  Ãƒ §a  alors  can express a whole range of reactions, from delight to surprise to indignation. Its used to mean how about that or my goodness and literally translates to that then. Like the second meaning of its old-fashioned cousin  ma  foi,  Ãƒ §a  alors  serves mainly to emphasize whatever it is said with.  It has an informal  register. Pronunciation Ça  Alors is pronounced [sah ah luhr]. Be careful not to contract the two words into [sah luhr] - you need to pronounce both as with a tiny pause between them. Example Usage of  Ãƒâ€¡a Alors Ça alors ! Je naurais jamais imaginà © un produit pareil.My goodness! Id never have imagined such a product.    -Je vais dà ©mà ©nager au Sà ©nà ©gal.-Ça alors, cest formidable  !-Im going to move to Senegal.-How about that! / Wow, thats great!    -Jai invità © Thomas dà ©jeuner, mais il prà ©tend à ªtre dà ©bordà © de travail.-Ça alors, je lai vu la plage trois fois cette semaine  !-I invited Thomas to lunch, but he claims to be snowed under with work.-Well, really, I saw him at the beach three times this week!

Discuss Thomas Paine's THE RIGHTS OF MAN as a product of its time Essay

Discuss Thomas Paine's THE RIGHTS OF MAN as a product of its time - Essay Example But in 1793, he was imprisoned in France for not supporting the execution of the French King, Louis XVI. While being imprisoned, he wrote the Age of Reason, an anti-church work, and very narrowly escaped execution due to efforts of US Minister James Munroe and later went to America on an invitation from Thomas Jefferson where he died a rather disillusioned man in 1809. Thomas Paine was undoubtedly one of the most intellectual products of his time. His time was dominated by the French Revolution, the most important and horrifying event in Europe. While completely supporting the French Revolution, Paine was against the total anarchy, lawlessness and brutality that the revolution unleashed in the name of liberty. He could not bring himself to support the terrible execution of the monarch and was unhappy about the pointless murders and humility of noble families. Even modern thinkers of the time, who had supported the Revolution, could not celebrate the unending rule of terror that eliminated a large number of guiltless and wiped out great scientists like Lavoisier â€Å"Every generation is, and must be, competent to all the purposes which its occasions require. It is the living, and not the dead, that are to be accommodated. When man ceases to be, his power and his wants cease with him; and having no longer any participation in the concerns of this world, he has no longer any authority in directing who shall be its governors, or how its government shall be organized, or how administered1† He was very conscious of the changing needs of people and societies. He always emphasized that the needs have to change according to times, needs could not be stagnant and old principles could not apply to new surroundings. Men can only take the old times as guidance wherever applicable, but they definitely cannot replicate old times to suit the new ones. In that context, again he argues: â€Å"The circumstances of the world are

Responsibility to Protect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Responsibility to Protect - Essay Example Responsibility to protect states that (Welsh 2004, p.12): a) A state is responsible for the protection of its population against mass atrocities; b) It is the responsibility of the international community to help the state in case it is incapable of protecting its population by its own; c) In case the state fails in protecting its citizens against mass atrocities, along with peaceful actions have not succeeded, then it is the international community's duty to arbitrate through compelled measures like economic sanctions; nonetheless, military intervention happens to the last resort. According to the international community, responsibility to protect is a custom, rather than a law. Responsibility to protect presents a framework the utilization of the tools that are already in existance, i.e. mediation, powers of chapter Vii, initial warning mechanisms, along with economic sanctioning, in the deterrence of mass atrocities. Therefore, different institutions such as states, the civil soci ety organizations, international institutions and regional organizations play a significant role in the process of responsibility to protect. ... According to paragraph 138, every State is responsible for the protection of its populations against crimes against humanity, genocide, ethnic cleansing and war crimes. This responsibility consists of the prevention of crimes like incitement, by all means possible and necessary. Each state must accept that responsibility, while, at the same time, acting in accord with it. On the other hand, it is the international community's duty of appropriately encouraging, as well as assisting states in exercising this responsibility while in support of the United Nations within the organization of an early warning capability. On the other hand, paragraph 139 asserts that the international community, by means of the United Nations, is responsible of using suitable diplomatic, humanitarian, as well as other peaceful means, in accord with the Charters Chapters Vi and VIII, in helping in the protection of populations from crimes against humanity, crimes of genocide, crimes of ethnic cleansing, as we ll as war crimes. Therefore, the international community makes preparation for taking communal action, in a manner that is timely, as well as decisive manner, via the Security Council, in accord with Chapter Vii of the Charter, on the basis of a case by case, and in collaboration with pertinent regional organizations as suitable, should peaceful means turn out to be inadequate while failure of national authorities in protecting their populations from crimes against humanity, crimes of genocide, crimes of ethnic cleansing, as well as war crimes. It is imperative for the General Assembly to continuously put into consideration the responsibility of protecting populations against crimes against humanity, genocide, ethnic cleansing and war crimes, along

Discouse the way in which recent work in the area related to Essay

Discouse the way in which recent work in the area related to organisational theory have challenged or contributed to conventional understandings of the subject - Essay Example Similarly, Donaldson (1995) supported the general connotation that organizations are established and preserves in order to achieve specific intentions. This goal-oriented or active perspective regarding organization indicates that organizations are meeting places of individual efforts that are more or less synchronized to accomplish objectives that could not be otherwise achieved through solitary action. Nevertheless, aligning the notion of organization with the framework of goal pursuit is to some extent problematic, and there is a large collection of literature that deals with the model of an organizational goal and whether or not the construct carries great weight. For instance, several organizations have within them members or employees who either is not aware with the organization’s mission statement or if they have substantial knowledge of it, they do not essentially support it. An actual example is the goal of most publicly managed corporations in several developed nations which is profit maximization or the capitalization of shareholder value; this corporate objective is in stark contrast with the concerns of the many employees who are more focused on their job security and their comparative influence or prestige than they are about revenues. One instance is a contract manufacturer or employee who is not familiar with the components of corporate accounting and consume s more labour hours because of the common belief that the more hours of work the more income they will earn. However, the target of maximizing overtime was not an organizationally endorsed or even acknowledged goal. Furthermore, the objective of maximizing shareholder value does not produce much dedication or motivation among most organizational contributors (Pfeffer, 1997). On the other hand, Pfeffer and Salancik emphasized that â€Å"organizations are... a process of organizing support

Political Orientations and Its Impact on industrial relations

Political Orientations and Its Impact on industrial relations The following content will evaluate how and to what extent workplace representatives in the current era are important in trade unions. Trade unions are organisations that represent people at work and are principally concerned with protecting its members in the employment relationship. (Salamon. 1987. 81). A trade union consists of a group of workers who come together to organise and represent their interests in order to be more conversant and powerful when it comes down to cooperating with their employers. The trade unions or labour unions originated when groups of workers came together to form an organisation that works towards their well being (Edwards, March, 2003). The significance of the trade unions lie in the fact that they can negotiate wages, rules of hiring, recruitment and firing, working conditions, workplace security and safety policies, employee benefits, compliant processes, promotion policies, retirement benefits, etc. with the employers and the government on behalf of their members (Dine, 2007). The trade unions gain their strength due to the numbers of members who join them. Thus, providing the unions with the power to sometimes dictate terms to employers, governments and other parties and may influence the political, economic and social climate within a country (Dine, 2007). The unions also by virtue of their positions exercise power and influence on their members as well as non-members (Edwards, March, 2003). The essay will look at Trade Unions in UK and USA: Politi cal Orientations and Its Impact on the Industrial Relations aims to compare and contrast the political orientation of trade unions of the United kingdom and the United States of America and evaluate their differential impact on the industrial relations systems in both the countries. In an attempt to achieve this aim, this essay looked at the trade unions in the UK and the Labour Unions in the USA and made a comparative analysis of the differences and similarities between the two with regard to their political orientations. And, tried to analyze how these similarities and differences in their political orientations impacted the systems of industrial relations that existed in both the countries. The essay thus aimed at providing explanatory insights into understanding the relations that existed between the political orientations of trade / labour unions and the industrial relations systems of a country. The trade unions originated in Europe and spread across of different countries around the world during the industrial revolution (Ebbinghaus and Visser, 2000). The trade unions in the United Kingdom were established as early as 1867 and aimed at improving the socio-economic situation of members of the working class (Ebbinghaus and Visser, 2000). It soon turned into a movement that resulted in the formation of the present day Labour Party in the UK (McIlroy, Fishman and Campbell, April, 2008). With changing times and governments in the country, trade unions saw an upheaval in their power orientation, membership trends and structure (Josselin, January, 2001). What began as a movement by the blue collared industrial workers, are now being supported and participated in by white collared shop workers and office workers in the UK (Poole, 2003). Some of the main trade unions in the UK include the National Union of Mineworkers, the National Union of Agricultural Workers, the Association of C otton Spinners, the Operative Society of Bricklayers, the Amalgamated Society of Engineers, the National Union of Gasworkers General Labourers, the National Union of Railwaymen and the Transport and General Workers Union, etc (Ebbinghaus and Visser, 2000). These unions are members of larger bodies known as the Trades Union Congress (TUC), the Scottish Trades Union Congress (STUC) and the Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU) (Reid, April, 2005). In the USA, the trade unions are known as the labour unions. These are similar to trade unions in the UK, however comparatively smaller in size of memberships. The Labour Unions in the United States exert its power or influence through its allegiance within the Democratic Party and other like minded organisations (Kochan, Katz and McKersie, 1994). The members belonging to the labour unions include public sector employees such as law-enforcements officers, educators, etc (Kochan, Katz and McKersie, 1994). These unions similar to the unions of the UK aim at improving the working conditions of their members along with negotiations for better wages, working conditions benefits, post retirement benefits, security and safety of workers, etc. Some of the examples of labour union organisations in the USA include the American Federation of Labor, the Workingmans Party, the Industrial Workers of the World, the Knights of Labor, the United Mine Workers, the Congress for Industrial Organisations , etc ((Kochan, Katz and McKersie, 1994). These unions fall under the umbrella of two major labour unions namely: the Change to Win Federation (CtW Federation) and the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organisations (AFL-CIO) (Kochan, Katz and McKersie, 1994). The aims or goals of the trade / labour unions in both the counties and in other parts of the world remain similar and yet there are differences in the way these unions / organisations are organised, structured, functioned and negotiated their power of influence. Black had suggested that trade unions, however big or small, have the ability to change the politico-socio-economic environment of a country and this is the reason for their power (Black, July, 2005). With the advent of media and worldwide communication systems, these unions are gaining further strength and the ability to influence governments, private business enterprises and the masses (Yates, May, 2009). Hence it is interesting to understand how these organisations exert or apply its power if at all on the political climate of a country and influence the systems of industrial relations. Comparison of Political Orientations of the Trade / Labour Unions The trade unions in the UK and the Labour Unions of the USA share similarities and dissimilarities that impact their political orientations. In the UK, the trade unions find expression in the countrys politics through the Labour Party (Hyman, 2001). In the USA, on the other hand, the labour unions express themselves through the Democratic Party (Hyman, 2001). Weiss had suggested that the governments in countries are generally influenced and limited by the political, economic and welfare organisations with the countries (Weiss, 2004). Trade / labour unions are among the bodies that have the capability to influence the way a government makes policies on different subjects especially those which have the ability to directly or indirectly affect the workers of the country (Weiss, 2004). The free economy of the USA makes it difficult for the policy makers of the country to balance between the demands of the labour unions and those of the corporate enterprises (Frege and Kelly, November, 2004). In the light of the recent economic recession that hit the country in 2008, the political circles found it difficult to find a mid way between governmental regulations on worker benefits and corporate losses to meet those regulations. In the UK however, trade unions have had a significant influence on the way the economic and social development policies were laid out by the government (Clark, April, 2009). It is only in recent years, when the UK government has started to open up its economy to make it more liberal, have the political orientations of the trade unions lost their strong hold (Armingeon, March, 2006). It is interesting to understand here is that the Labour Party, which has strong ties with the trade unions, is the ruling party in the UK. The social orientation of t he trade unions in the UK has resulted in the centre-left orientation of the present ruling party in the country. In the USA on the other hand, the Democratic Party, the ruling party adopts a liberal approach. It however is similarly oriented (centre-left) as the Labour Party of the UK. The question that can be asked at this point is whether the orientations of the ruling parties in the two countries can be attributed to the political orientations of the trade / labour unions in both the countries. With changing times, the memberships of the trade / labour unions have taken a hit (Croucher and Cotton, January, 2009). This has not only impacted their ability to influence but also their own organisational strength (Kubicek, 2004). Both the countries, UK and USA, have liberal economies, making it difficult for the unions in the present day context to completely influence the rules, policies and strategies that govern the markets and consequently the political scenario (Jose, 2002). Thu s it can be stated that the political orientations of the trade / labour unions in the two countries have definite influence over the way in which the rules and policies are made by the governments in the two countries and that these impact the industrial relations systems. Impact on the Industrial Relations Systems The strength of the labour / trade unions lay in their ability to negotiate better working terms with the employers and get the governments in different countries to form labour laws that were labour oriented (Kelly and Willman, 2004). In the face of the changing times and the post communist era, the role of the labour / trade unions has started to dwindle (Clark, Delaney and Frost, March, 2003; Wahl, 2004). The question that remains is whether the labour / trade unions and their political orientations still have the ability to impact and influence the industrial relations systems in different countries. In UK, over the recent years, there have been fall in the membership of the trade unions (Crowley and Ost, 2001). One of the most commonly cited reason for this is the inability of these unions to use their political orientations and negotiating powers to benefit the workers (Frege and Kelly, 2003). Similar issues have been identified in the US as well. Studies have shown that the trade / labour unions are not being able to offer the collective bargaining coverage to all jobs in a country (Kubicek, 2004). This is not only reducing the faith that workers had on the labour / trade unions but also the influence that these unions had on the systems of industrial relations. There have been different causes cited for the diminishing influence and impact of the labour / trade unions in the UK and the USA. Kubicek had found that the labour / trade unions were lacking in a definite labour agenda and resources (Kubicek, 2004). Crowley and Ost had suggested that the trade / labour unions are no w merely regarded as the reflection of the former socialist endeavours and thought to no longer function as agents of the worker welfare (Crolwey and Ost, 2001). However, there have been instances where the political orientations of the unions have helped in preventing the government in turning completely capitalistic in its approach in the present day (The Trade Union Movement, New Labour, and Working-Class Politics. Workers Liberty). The economy of the UK and the changing economy of the USA (post the economic debacle) are changing the way the labour / trade unions and their political orientations are impacting the industrial relations systems in both the countries. Thus in conclusion, it can be said that the uncertainties created by the economic conditions in the USA and the UK are impacting the political systems and thereby changing the influence of trade / labour unions and their political orientations. These changes and impacts are being felt in the formal organisational conditions as well as the power of the employers, collective bargaining and industrial relations systems. The final outcomes being exhibited are in the form of democracy and / or oligarchy through competition, opposition, internal bargaining and finally, decentralisation of the decision-making power.

How Mary Shelley Influences the Readers Reaction to the Creature :: Mary Shelley Frankenstein Essays

How Mary Shelley Influences the Readers Reaction to the Creature When Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein in 1816, it was the birth of a new genre – the creation of a being, sci-fi at its earliest. Frankenstein’s creature, the concept way ahead of its time but a terrifying thought to its first audiences. In the following pages I will be discussing how Mary Shelley influences the readers reaction to the creature, I will be viewing the context of her writing, the way she portrays her view of what it means to be human, the anticipation of the creature’s coming to life, and the language Walton and Frankenstein use to describe the creature. In Walton’s first letter, after he sees the creature, he describes it as ‘the shape of a man†¦ but of apparently gigantic stature’ At first Walton doesn’t know what he saw but thinks the creature is a local and the crew is intrigued that there, out in the ice deserts, man has strayed. Through Waltons enquiring nature, Shelley encourages curiosity in the reader, and Waltons encounter with the creature ‘excites our unqualified wonder’. When Frankenstein first describes the creature, he describes it not as a mother would her newborn baby, but with horror and disgust, he describes its waking moments and its appearance, with and abhorrent attitude, and as soon as the creature awoke, Frankenstein, with a mixture of fright and disgust ran to his bedroom. When Shelley first describes the creatures coming to life, it gives the reader a feeling of both anticipation and anxiety, the detailed and emotive language of the description draws the reader in and captures their imagination. Frankenstein’s first description of the creature, â€Å"†¦ His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath; his hair was a lustrous black and flowing, †¦ but these luxuriance’s only formed a more horrid contrast with his watery eyes that seemed almost of the same colour as the dun white socket in which they were set† The adjectives Shelley uses to describe the creature are visual allowing the reader to visualise the creature as Shelley portrays. The use of rich, textural language animates the creature in the readers mind, such as ‘his yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath’, and ‘his hair was of lustrous black, and flowing’. Shelley’s use of the words â€Å"horrible contrast† give the reader the opinion that the creature is too ‘horrible’ and thus Shelley imposes an opinion on the reader. Before the creature awakes, Shelley has already created an anticipation in the readers, when Frankenstein goes grave hunting and when he is first up in his room where he assembles the creature,

The effect of Vitamin D3 supplementation on body fat mass in healthy, overweight and obese Saudi women

Research background As observed in European and North American communities, levels of obesity in the Saudi Arabian population are on the increase. The epidemic of obesity has been described as the fastest-growing public health challenge in a number of countries. The cost implications alone from the treatment of people with obesity have put a strain on the medical services. One such example is published in an American study in 2008, which showed that that$147 billion needs to be spent every year in America for the management of obesity and obesity related disease. This figure was double of what it was a decade ago. Obesity is a term used to indicate excessive deposition of fat in the body. As mentioned before, it is the most common nutritional disorder in developed countries, and is as well significantly rising in the developing countries such as Saudi Arabia. This can be evidenced from the data reported by the Saudi National Nutrition Survey published on WHO (Health Journal, 2007). Recent studies have found the insufficient level of vitamin D in obese people(Turner, et.al. 2013; Wortsman, et.al. 2000).Although the specific mechanism that results in this shortfall is not yet fully understood, but Turner, et.al. (2013) suggested that the deposition of vitamin D3 in body fat compartments results decreased bioavailability of vitaminD3 from cutaneous and dietary sources. In addition, it has been proposed that intestinal absorption of vitamin D is reduced in patients with obesity (Wortsman, et.al. 2000). Lack of absorption of vitamin D weakens the calcium metabolism in patients with obesity; this in turn, affects the function of the thyroid glands. Altered thyroid gland can no longer perform its physiological roles, one of which is to activate vitamin D in the body. Moreover, studies have reported low level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in obese adults and are linked to increased body fat mass, suggesting the association between low circulating concentrations of vitamin D metabolites and obesity. (Rock, et.al. 2012; Boqacka, et.al. 2011). Furthermore, it has also been reported that after absorption in the intestine, the storage of vitamin D occurs in adipose and muscle tissue, which then slowly releases into the blood stream. Defect in this storage system or pathway may result the deficiency of vitamin D and may have an impact in determining the level of body’s fat and adipose tissue (Salehpour, 2012). Hence, it is believed that the deficiency of vitamin D may induce obesity. Research aims Having reviewed the available literature in the subject, this research project is therefore aimed to: Investigate the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation in healthy, overweight and obese women of Saudi Arabia Investigate the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on body composition in overweight and obese women of Saudi Arabia These aims were targeted with the views to providing evidence regarding the association between vitamin D supplements and obesity. Saudi population were given the preference as the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, as well as of diabetes in Saudi Arabian population is very high (Ardawi, et.al.2012). Research methods Female population between the ages of 18 and 50 will be studied. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 2 groups will be randomly given a vitamin D3 supplement or a placebo (control group) for 12 weeks. Comparison of the levels of vitamin D3 in three different groups of people, healthy, overweight and obese will be done with an aim to measure its implication in these people.After this, analysis will be done measuring different factors that are associated with obesity. Inclusion and exclusion criteria Old, healthy, overweight and obese Saudi women participants with BMI ?25 kg/ and ages between 18-50 years will be included for the study. Healthy participants will be free from metabolic bone disease, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, renal disease and will not be on anymedication, or vitamin supplements. , pregnant or lactating women will be excluded from the study. In addition, individuals with changes in body weight more than 3 kg within last three months prior to the experiment will also be excluded from the study. Finally, the participants who follow the weight-loss programs or are taking weight loss drugs and smoking will be excluded from the study. Research intentions To address the aims, this study is based upon the following research intentions. These will betested in the laboratory. Assessment of body fat mass and fat free mass by bioelectrical impedance analysis at baseline and end of study Assessment of energy and nutrient intakes by 24h food recall and validated food frequency questionnaires, which will then be analyzed for nutrient intake Analysis of blood serum 25(OH)D and parathyroid hormone at baseline and end of study Measurement of vitamin D level in the participants’ blood to determine the fluctuation in its level and its affect. Measurement of vitamin D levels of obese and healthy weight participants to establish the difference in the level of vitamin D in these two groups of people. Measurement of vitamin D post digestion to determine the amount of ingested vitamin D to show their fluctuationsbefore and after ingestion in the participants of different groups. To conclude, the main aim of this study will be to investigate the effect of Vitamin D3 supplementation on body fat mass in healthy, overweight and obese Saudi women. The association between vitamin D deficiency and obesity is well established. Obesity still remains one of major health challenges. Despite of intense research, the exact cause of obesity still remains obscure. Both genetic and environmental factors have been reported to be associated with obesity, but none of them completely illustrate the mechanism behind it. But recently, the link between vitamin D3 and obesity has gained some interest. Since obesity is associated with many pathological conditions including cancer and cardiovascular disease, unraveling the potent cause and mechanism of obesity will provide insights into the development of promising therapeutics for obesity and obesity related diseases. Also, in the future, References Alqurashi Khalid A, Aljabri Khalid S, BokhariSamia A. (2011) Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a Saudi community. Ann Saudi Med.;31:19–23. Ardawi MS, Sibiany AM, Bakhsh TM, Qari MH, Maimani AA. (2012) ‘High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy Saudi Arabian men: relationship to bone mineral density, parathyroid hormone, bone turnover markers, and lifestyle factors’ Osteoporos Int. 23(2):675-86. El Mouzan MI, Al Herbish AS, Al Salloum AA, Al Omar AA, Qurachi MM (2012) ‘Regional variation in prevalence of overweight and obesity in Saudi children and adolescents.’ Saudi J Gastroenterol, 18(2):129-32. Rock, CL, et.al.(2012). Obesity. Weight loss is associated with increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in overweight or obese women. 20(11), 2296-2301. Salehpour A, Hosseinpanah F, Shidfar F, Vafa M, Razaghi M, Dehghani S, Hoshiarrad A, Gohari M. A (2012) ‘12-week double-blind randomized clinical trial of vitamin D? supplementation on body fat mass in healthy overweight and obese women.’ Nutr J. 22;11:78 Turer, CD, Lin, H and Flores, G. (2013).Pediatrics. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among overweight and obese US children. 131(1), 152-161. Wortsman, J, et.al. (2000). American Society for Clinical Nutrition. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. 72(3), 690-693.

The Influence of Enlightenment on the French Revolution essays

The Influence of Enlightenment on the French Revolution essays What is enlightenment? The 18th century Enlightenment was a movement of the intellectuals who dared to prove all the aspects in life scientifically. German philosopher Immauel Kant proclaimed the motto of the enlightenment : Dare to know!: Have the courage to use your own intelligence! People were greatly impressed by the scientific revolution. They were also advocating the application of the scientific method to the understanding of all life. During the age of enlightenment, science became popular and there were a lot of philosophers who applied the natural law to the social life. For example: John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Adam Smith, Montesquieu and many more. These people were the ones who then affected the French Revolution using their philosophies. Political, economical, and social problems in France during the 18th century led to the French Revolution. The political problem was the French monarchy itself. Monarchy is a system where the country is ruled by one single power(i.e. the king). While the economical problem was the falling of French economic. The social problem was that the society was divided into three estates : the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. The French Revolution consisted of three phases. The first one was the Liberal Revolution, the second was the French Republic, and the third one was the Napoleonic era. During the first phase, which was influenced by John Locke, French people wanted to be liberated. According to John Locke everyone has inalienable human rights and government should protect these inalienable rights, not to take it away. But in fact, the French monarchy abused the humans natural rights. People did not have freedom and that is why they wanted to be liberated from the French monarc hy. John Locke personally criticized monarchy and social inequality. He said that all humans are the same and they should be equal to one another. In this phase, Locke&a...

Enzymes Essays - Digestive System, Metabolism, Hydrolases, Lipase

Enzymes Essays - Digestive System, Metabolism, Hydrolases, Lipase Experiment 12. The action of lipase There are three or four liquids to be added to each test-tube, in various combinations, so look at the table at the foot of this page to get an idea of the final contents of each tube. (a) Label three test-tubes 1-3. (b) Using a graduated pipette or syringe, place 5 cm3 milk in each tube. (c) Rinse the pipette or syringe and use it to place 7 cm3 dilute (M/I0) sodium carbonate solution in each tube. This solution is to make the mixture alkaline. (d) Rinse the pipette or syringe and use it to place 1 cm3 3% bile salts solution in tubes 2 and 3 only. (e) Use a dropping pipette to add phenolphthalein solution to each tube until the contents are bright pink. About six drops will be sufficient and equal quantities should be added to each tube. Phenolphthalein is a pH indicator. In alkaline solutions (above pH10) it is pink; in 'acid' solutions (below pH 8.3) it is colourless. (f) In a spare test-tube, place about 15 mm of 5% lipase solution and, using a test-tube holder, heat the liquid over a small Bunsen flame until it boils for a few seconds. Cool the tube under the tap and, using the graduated pipette or syringe, transfer 1 cm3 of the boiled liquid to tube 2. (g) With the graduated pipette or syringe, place 1 cm3 unboiled lipase solution in tubes 1 and 3. (h) Note the time. Shake the tubes to mix the contents, return them to the rack and copy the table below into your notebook, observing the tubes from time to time. (i) Note the time required for the contents of each tube to go white and then complete the table of results. Action of lipase on milk TubeAll three tubes contain milk, sodium carbonate and phenolphthalein plus:Time taken to change from pink to white 1lipase only 2boiled lipase and bile salts 3lipase and bile salts Experiment 12. Discussion 1 What food substances are present in milk? 2 If phenolphthalein changes from pink to colourless, what kind of chemical change must have taken place in the tube? 3 Recall (or look up) the final products of digestion of the principal classes of food and write down which of these products could be formed by the digestion of milk. 4 Which of the final products of digestion of milk could be responsible for the change of conditions in the test-tube? 5 Which part of the experiment suggests that lipase acts as an enzyme? 6 What chemical change could the lipase be producing which would account for the colour change in the test-tubes? 7 Which part of the experiment indicates that bile salts do not contain an enzyme which affects milk (at least in the way being investigated here)? Explain your reasoning. 8 From the results, assuming that lipase is an enzyme, what part do the bile salts appear to be playing in the reaction (in general terms)? 9 Do the results tell you whether lipase is acting on the fat or the protein in milk? Explain. Experiment 12. The action of lipase - preparation Outline Lipase hydrolyses the fat in milk to fatty acids which react with sodium carbonate to lower the pH of the mixture. This pH change is observed by using phenolphthalein. Prior knowledge The use of indicators to observe pH changes; the final digestion products of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. Advance preparation and materials - per group milk 20 cm3 phenolphthalein 5 cm3 [1] 3% bile salts 10 cm3 [2] 5% lipase solution 10 cm3 [3] 0.05M sodium carbonate 40 cm3 Apparatus - per group test-tube rack and 4 test-tubesBunsen burner 3 labels or spirit markertest-tube holder, dropping pipettebeaker or jar (for rinsing pipette or syringe) graduated pipette or syringe 10 cm3 - per class clock Results Tubes 1 and 3 will probably change from pink to white in about 4 minutes. However, since the efficacy of lipase varies, it is advisable to try out the experiment (for tube 3 only) beforehand and, if the reaction is too slow, reduce the volume of sodium carbonate solution or place the tubes in a water bath at 35C. 1. 1 g dissolved in 200 cm3 ethanol. 2. Available as sodium tauroglycocholate

Government, Military, and Media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Government, Military, and Media - Research Paper Example In the history it can be seen that these trio should had a firm connection among them. Or in another sense it can be said that government with the help of military had controlled the media and thus media was compelled to put forward the desired news of the authorities. In places where this trio lacked close knit, there occurred many problems resulting to the overturn of governments. So a government always looks a watchful eye on the function of the media. The present essay tries to make an analytical study on the relations of these three agencies in the society and in particularly with the media in the American system. Scope of the subject: The relationship between government, military, and media is highly talked about in the present world. The government takes military as a strong agency to accomplish the policies of the government and the same policies are given popular concern through the help of the media. The media is the link between the public and the military or government. B y analysing the relationship between government and media, the students of media studies get the notion of how the media is working as the link and how the media is used by both government and military to propagate its interests and policies. ... Sure, the term has aimed to put forward what its subjects like to have. And in this regard it is the general goodness of the people that should be the watch word of t he government. Abraham Lincoln’s famous words, â€Å"a government of the people, by the people and for the people† denote the basic concept of how a government should be. True in the world many types of government can be seen. Most of them are formed in the democratic grounds, but at the same time, some governments are controlled by autocratic rulers. For example, the government in Iraq was ruled by Saddam Hussein who at first acted as the president of the country but later he turned himself to be an autocrat. Many such instances of this category can be seen in the world. The government has to get away from vested interests and has to safeguard the security and prosperity of the people. So it has set up an army as an agency to protect the people and country. Army acts on what the government is ordered. In some countries this agency turns the government down and rules the nation. In such instances the government is formed by the military. The case of Pakistan is an example. The army headed by Pervez Musharraf on 12 October 1999 overturned the Nawaz Sharif government. When the army assumes to be the government it has to take two sided roles – to rule the nation and safeguard the country. Whatever the government be the primary aim of it is to keep a favourable condition in the state for a peaceful and prosperous living. A government always stands with its army. If the army is strong and if it is acting upon the orders of the government the government stands as powerful. The example of it can be seen in many countries like USA, Britain, China, India, etc. And if it is on the other hand, a

Shock Advertising and High Fashion Brands Essay

Shock Advertising and High Fashion Brands - Essay Example The paper "Shock Advertising and High Fashion Brands" talks about High Fashion Brands and Shock Advertising. Shock advertising, sex and high fashion brands make an irresistible mix. Over half a century of research has proven to be in favor of sex in advertising as Wikipedia (2005) suggested: â€Å"Further evidence comes from Gallup & Robinson, an advertising and marketing research firm which reports that in more than 50 years of testing advertising effectiveness, it has found the use of the erotic to be a significantly above-average technique in communicating with the marketplace, "although one of the more dangerous for the advertiser. Weighted down with taboos and volatile attitudes, sex is a Code Red advertising technique . . . handle with care . . . seller beware; all of which makes it even more intriguing."† Lately the trend has continued with a lot of strength: â€Å"In recent years ads for jeans, perfumes, and many other products have featured provocative images that we re designed to elicit sexual responses from as large a cross section of the population as possible, to shock by their ambivalence, and often to appeal to repressed sexual desires, which are thought to carry a stronger emotional load†. So shock advertising with a sexual appeal in high fashion brands, mostly in magazines in the United Kingdom, is a hot topic that has been around since the development of Marketing. As Advertising is the communication medium of Marketing, it is not strange that this communicative tool. has been widely used to convey messages of a shocking sexual nature in the high fashion branding efforts of many marketers along the years. This field of study offers multiple, complex and controversial dimensions to be researched. 2.- Research Problem To what extent shock advertising has been applied to high fashion brands. 3.- Research Aim The value of shock advertising to high fashion brands and consumers. 4.- Research Objectives 1.- To study the impact of shock advertising in magazines with a sexual appeal in high fashion brands in the United Kingdom. 2.- To study the relevance of value marketing through the use of shock advertising to enhance the branding image. 5.- Research Area Marketing area: - Advertising - Marketing Research - Product and Brand Management - Consumer and Buyer Behavior 6.- Rationale of the research This study enables the audience to understand the role of shock advertising in the high fashion industry. Also, it allows the viewers to have a comprehensive knowledge with regard to the public attitude towards this advertising strategy. Moreover, this research project helps to find out how shock advertising could be adopted appropriately. (Separate out the usefulness to myself personally and practically, and also to the world in general) 7.- Usefulness of the research By getting into the secrets of value marketing via shock advertising using sexual appeal we can improve our brands in the marketing arena as knowledgeable marketers. It is not easy to decide when to choose shock advertising and to what extent. We have to take into account the context and the medium, among many factors. By studying this topic we can learn a lot about human nature and the consumer's tastes and preferences when it comes to high fashion products. This kind of research is

Investigation of evidence of the spread of the U.S. financial crisis Dissertation

Investigation of evidence of the spread of the U.S. financial crisis and contagion to Europe, with focus on the UK - Dissertation Example In this day and age of multinational businesses and unified regional and international financial systems, financial and economic crises have become particularly widespread, severe, and sudden, instantaneously crossing borders through the international banks that are invested in countries initially embroiled in the crisis. The weakening of the banks in other countries as a result of the contagion speeds up the spread of the crisis into other economies. While it is true that globalization is inevitable, it remains to be determined whether or not regulatory frameworks and infrastructures would be sufficient to arrest the spread of potential financial crises that attend globalization. This study will examine the most recent U.S. financial crisis, how it developed and spread to other Western countries, how the U.S. appears to have recovered while European countries Greece, Italy, Cyprus and Spain still reel under the effects thereof, and the possibility that the European crisis will eithe r be resolved or if it shall spread backwards towards the U.S. and other countries (Businessweek, 2012; Forbes, 2012). . 1.2 Purpose of the study The study deals with the contagion that had taken place due to the financial crisis of 2008. The contagion refers to the negative effects on the financial markets that spread from the US markets to other countries of the world, as a result of market linkages. The focus of the discussion is the empirical evidence of the spread of the contagion from its point of origin in the United States to the economy of the United Kingdom and the European Union. Evidence of the contagion is also sought in the Australian economy, to determine if the contagion has spread to another country outside of the US-Europe paradigm. The study dwells exclusively on the stock indices of the US, the UK, the European Union, and Australia, and searches for evidence of the contagion within the capital markets. 1.3 Research questions In order to attain the goal specified for this dissertation, the following research question shall be resolved: 1.3.1 Is there evidence of contagion in the stock markets between the US and the UK? 1.3.2 Is there evidence of contagion in the stock markets between the US and the EU? 1.3.3 Are there discernible contagion effects between the UK and EU stock markets? 1.3.4 Are there contagion effects between Australia the one hand, and the US, the UK and the European stock markets on the other hand? The findings that were generated by the answers to the foregoing questions are expected to shed light on the main research problem and lead to a valid and acceptable conclusion. 1.4 Significance of the study The study is significant because of the persistent nature of financial crises and the phenomenon of financial contagion. Since globalization, financial crises and contagion have become repetitive, continuing, and constantly evolving. The last great crisis in the US was the Great Depression ushered in by the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The effects of this crisis was largely contained within the US since national economies then were relatively isolated except for international trade, and the speed and volume with which transactions were carried out was slow and low enough to keep the economies sufficiently separated as to prevent any contagion from taking place. The next significant crisis took place four decades later, in the 1973

Decreasing population Essay Example for Free

Decreasing population Essay Decreasing population growth rates and increasing longevity have resulted in a growing population of the elderly the world over. Caring for the steadily growing aging population is a global concern today. In the words of United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan (2002): We are in the midst of a silent revolution. It is a revolution that extends well beyond demographics, with major economic, social, cultural, psychological and spiritual implications. And it is a revolution that hits developing nations harder than others, and not just because the majority of older persons live in developing countries, but because the tempo of ageing there is already and will continue to be far more rapid. Among the developed countries, the United States of America is an example of the rapid growth of the aging population. In 1991, the average life expectancy at birth in the United States was 75. According to the U. S. Bureau of Census (1996), persons aged 65 and older formed 13% of the total population; current projections put this figure to reach about 20% between the years 2020 and 2030. Aging primarily is a physiological life-long process, starting at conception and ending with death (Kart, 1994). Persons grow old whether they like it or not. These changes, both positive and negative, place demands on the aging person’s abilities to cope with and adapt to new life situations. It is a challenge for any given society to assist their aged in coping with the new life situations they are facing. Unfortunately, the rapid social changes taking place in society do not always lend themselves toward helping the elderly meet the demands of their life situations. For one, the attitude toward this population is not helping them cope with it as well. According to historian Fischer (1977), the old is regarded as useless, unattractive, and unwanted especially in the west. Colonial America, for example, was a place in which the old, not the youth, was exalted and venerated, honored and obeyed. Today’s America, however, is characterized by more negative than positive sentiments about aging and old age transformation. A period of gerontophobia has slowly succeeded the era of gerontophilia (Fisher, 1977, in Doress-Worters, Siegel, 1994). Traditional cultures have often held their elders in high regard, seeing them as storehouses of wisdom to be transmitted to the next generations; older women, especially, are often seen as healers (Doress-Worters Siegel, 1994). The book of Exodus (20; 12) says, â€Å"Honor your father and your mother, that you may have a long life in the land which the Lord, your God, is giving you† and the book of Sirach (3; 12,13 ff.) says, â€Å"My son, take care of your father when he is old; grieve him not as long as he lives. Even if his mind fails, be considerate with him; revile him not in the fullness of your strength†¦Ã¢â‚¬  To adjust and to thrive in a new environment, the elderly need to be physically healthy, to have societal support, adequate finances, medical care, recreational facilities, and have defined social roles and the like. Agencies and private personnel which set up homes for the aged may look at the increasing number of ageing people as just business opportunities. Most of these homes-for-the-aged may not have trained personnel to deal with the psychological and emotional problems the elderly face especially the issues related to their having to be â€Å"institutionalization†, or being â€Å"abandoned† by their children (Butler et al. , 1998). Even some counselors have the attitude that their time and energy are better utilized working with younger people who may eventually contribute to society, than wasting it on the older people (Gladding, 2000). It is unfortunate that the old have, in some sense, become the new outcasts of this society. This study therefore, looked into the experiences of the senior citizens of Gladys Spellman in the home for the aged, their understanding or idea of well-being and the components of well being based from the perceptions of Gladys Spellman administrators. As more and more elderly are placed under institutionalized care in contemporary society, a study such as this is needed to explore this phenomenon. It would shed light into the subjective lived experiences of the aged from an administrators’ view point. This would also contribute to the literature in this area and serve as groundwork for further studies in this area.

Ethical Debates on Music Sharing

Ethical Debates on Music Sharing To file share or not to file share? That is the question. Should free music off the internet be legal? Who is in the right- Napster or the music industry? There are some of the topics I hoped to discuss when I invited four journalists to my house to debate the controversial issue of online music. Ding-dong! â€Å"Uh-oh†, I think, wiping my hands on a paper towel. â€Å"They must be here early.† Its six-thirty, my guests arent due to arrive until seven, and I am already a half-hour behind. The lobsters are still boiling on the stove, the chunky potatoes are rock-hard and my spinach salad lies in pieces all over the kitchen floor. Things arent off to such a good start. I am supposed to be hosting a small, informal discussion tonight with a few journalists. The topic of the forum concerns the recent legal uproar about online music organizations such as Napster, Morpheus and Kazaa. I have invited a variety of people; some of whom have clashing opinions. I am looking forward to a heated and intellectual discussion; which will be good because I am planning on writing a book on the subject of online music. I havent decided yet whose side I am on; the music industry or the internet music providers. Hopefully, tonights discussion will provide me with some insight as to which side to stand on. Or maybe, I wont have to choose a side†¦who knows? As I walk to the front door, I cant help but feel just a little bit anxious, but excited at the same time. â€Å"I wonder who it is†¦who had the nerve to be fifteen minutes early?† I think to myself. I open the great oak door to find Tobey Grumet, a journalist from Popular Mechanics magazine. â€Å"Hows it going?† he asks casually as he walks through the entryway. â€Å"Its nice to finally meet you.† I say. I cant help but stare at him. I had heard that he was good looking, but geez! He has shoulder-length blonde hair that he has pulled back into a ponytail. He has chiseled features, but not too chiseled. He is wearing gray tweed pants that are only slightly baggy, a black woolen sweater and a hemp necklace. â€Å"Wow, nice place,† he remarks as he walks into my dining room. â€Å"Do you own this house?† â€Å"Yeah, I do..† I reply, shaking my head to get out of my trance. He follows me into the kitchen, and, seeing the state that it is in, offers to help me get ready. â€Å"Its a good thing I got here first. I dont think that Michael Miller would appreciate this†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he remarks as he is chopping up a tomato for the salad. â€Å"That guy is a total corporate pushover† he continues, his chopping getting a little bit more intense. I smile politely. I want to be completely impartial tonight, and I try very hard not to let what Tobey is saying affect my opinion of Michael Miller, a journalist a PC Magazine. We work in silence for about ten more minutes. By the time the doorbell rings again, the only thing left to do is drain the water out of the potato pot. â€Å"Thank you so much for all your help,† I exclaim as I walk to answer the door. â€Å"You are a lifesaver!† â€Å"No problem!† Tobey shouts after me. Who should be at the door, but Michael Miller. â€Å"Nice to meet you† he says to me in a grave manner. He is a short, thin man of about 45, with graying hair. His gray Armani suit looks a tad bit too big on him. â€Å"Goodness, Mr. Miller,† I exclaim. â€Å"You are making me feel like a bum in my jeans and turtleneck!† â€Å"Please,† he replies, â€Å"I apologize for the way Im dressed. You must forgive me; I just came from a journalists convention downtown. I didnt have time to change.† â€Å"No worries,† I assure him. One by one, they all arrive; Brian Smithers and Margaret Popper. We chat informally for a few minutes in the study over bourbon. I am mostly quiet, making mental observations of the ways my guests treat each other. For the most part, they seem to be enjoying each others company. Even Tobey seems to be getting along with Michael Miller. Next, my guests are all seated while I bring out the food. Our conversation starts out very formal. Then, I bring out the big question: â€Å"So, does anyone have any thoughts on the new online music providers like MUSICNET?† There is a short silence. My guests look at their plates, as if thinking about the best way to answer the question. I know all of them are thinking hard about the question; being journalists to major technology magazines, this kind of issue is a major obsession with them. It was finally Michael Miller who breaks the ice. â€Å"Well,† he says, putting down his fork, â€Å"I think its obvious that the Napsters of the world were breaking the law and cheating legitimate musicians out of money.† â€Å"Wait a second,† protests Tobey. â€Å"Dont you think its a little bit unfair to say that? Its not like the ‘musicians arent getting enough money anyways. And it isnt the musicians who are getting gypped, its the multi-million dollar music companies like BMG.† â€Å"The real issue isnt about money, its more about the reputations of musicians,† says Margaret Popper, a journalist at Business Week. She tucks her short brown bob cut back behind her ears. â€Å"Doesnt it concern anyone here that free online music allows people to essentially preview albums? Most people wont buy an album just for one song if they can listen to it beforehand for free. These online music providers are contributing to a complete decrease in album sales.† â€Å"Look,† says Brian Smithers, â€Å"you are all missing the point. Free online music is about more than just getting music. Did you ever stop to think that independent musicians use these providers to get out there? It is a fabulous resource for people who arent affiliated with the music industry giants like EMI and BMG.† I sit back and watch interested. So far, Ive got two for free online music, two against it. I ask another leading question. â€Å"Do you think it should be legal to create and share music files online for free?† Again, there is a slight pause. Brian Smithers raises his shaven head and replies, â€Å"Well, yes, absolutely. I mean, think about it. You are already paying for internet service. Why shouldnt the music be free? The internet is a place where everyone can come together and share things. It is a community. It should be free.† â€Å"No,† snaps Michael Miller, â€Å"the music that is shared online is part of an industry. An industry has a major goal to make a lot of money. How are industries supposed to make any money, and keep the economy going, if people can get music for free? It is cheating them out of money.† Brian looks directly at Miller with a glare in his eyes. His eyebrow ring glints in the light. â€Å"This is exactly what I am talking about. People who are obsessed with corporate America. Well, I hate to break it to you, but life isnt all about corporations. Its the little people who matter too.† â€Å"Whoa, hold on there partner!† exclaims Miller. â€Å"I am not suggesting that. But when something is copyrighted, by law that copyright cannot be broken. Its a legal thing.† As the night wears on, the conversation grows more and more heated. My guests remain stubborn and stick to their original points until it is time for them to go. As the last car drives off down the street, I head to the kitchen to wash dishes. My mind starts to wander. Napster launched in early 1999. It was the first of its kind; the idea and technology for sharing music files online had never been dreamed of before. (Brown) It quickly became wildly popular; after all, what music listener could argue with free music? Soon after its emergence, several other Napster copy-cats came onto the scene. Also soon after its launch, the Recording Industry Association of America made Napster its â€Å"public enemy number 1† (Brown). Napster was the first to be hit with claims of illegality by the music industry. According to Janelle Brown in her article on www.salon.com, bands such as Metallica complained that they were being cheated out of copyright money, and they claimed that CD sales were dropping. The Supreme Court ultimately decided that the music industry was correct to demand that Napster shut down (Brown). One by one, the music industry and the courts put a stop to all free online music. Napster wanna-bes continue to emerge, but they will be br ought to court sooner or later and receive the same fate as Napster. Although the ruling has been made final, there are still many activists who continue to argue the validity of free online music. My guests on both sides had brought up valid points. But in order to write my book, I realize I would have to take a side. This was not a black and white issue. I think about the opposing sides. I definitely agree with Michael Miller about the legalities of free online music. Copyrights are protected under the law. But, on the other hand, it is very difficult to monitor what goes onto the internet. There are plenty of things on the internet that are supposedly protected under copyright laws, but they are still there and can be accessed for free. No one is bothering to go to the Supreme Court over these things. I dont think that it should be different for music. Additionally, Margaret Poppers point that free online music hurts musicians reputations is very hard to swallow for me. I dont believe that big name bands like Metallica care about their reputations as much as they care about milking as much money as they can. The same goes for companies like EMI and BMG. Brian Smithers had br ought up an interesting point about the internet being a community. I think about how this remark could potentially add to my book. The idea that the internet is increasingly replacing traditional social settings has always been a topic of major interest to me. I find it fascinating how much things can change over time, yet not really change. People are still communicating with each other and participating in a community, but many have found a different medium for doing so: the internet. Instead of sitting around in a coffee shop discussing the latest popular album that everyone just has to buy; now people can congregate on the internet. Most online file-sharing sites have a place where you can talk to people and share your opinions on the music. The more I think about it, I also like the idea of being able to preview an album before I actually decide to buy it. There are a lot of albums out there that, in my opinion, only have one good song on them. I dont want to be throwing seventeen dollars down the drain if I can save that money by realizing beforehand that the album might not be very good. I dont think that this is the case a lot of the time. Most likely people will preview an album and then decide that they really like it, so they will go out and buy it. If anything, being able to preview an album is a good thing because it puts pressure on mainstream musicians and record companies to produce the finest work they can. Most songs on an album are â€Å"filler songs†, that is they are there simply to take up space on the album, and arent usually very good. Ive come to the conclusion that I will write my book on the advantages of online music file-sharing. Before I started this project, I really didnt have strong feelings either way about online file-sharing. I have used free sharing, such as Kazaa and now Lime Wire, but I never stopped to think about what I was doing. I did have more of a bias towards favoring online file-sharing, but mostly because it allowed me to download music for free. I also never knew very much about the Napster court case. To me, that was the defining moment of sort of the end of free music downloads. I knew that Napster was going to not be free anymore, but I didnt know why. Now I know the specifics of the case, and I favor Napsters side. As an avid music lover, and a consumer, I think I have the right to listen to music for free before I go out and buy it. It might decrease CD sales by a small percentage, but the music industry is still huge. And perhaps putting musicians on the spot by listening to their songs for free and then deciding whether or not to buy their album is a good thing. It puts more pressure on them to spend time making their music as good as it possibly can be. I think that the most compelling argument for me was Tobey Grumet. He argues that the controversy, although it is claimed to be about reputations, is more about money. This is absolutely true the more you think about it. Many little band names do not have a problem with free file sharing. It is the very popular bands signed under big label names, like Metallica, that are causing an uproar. I dont see how their songs being on Napster is harmful to their reputation. If anything, its good because it means that people like their songs. It doesnt harm their reputations as musicians; it more than likely helps it and allows them to be recognized as a very influential band in the history of modern rock music. My sources, I think, were all very legitimate. They all came from magazines that our library subscribes to. Salon.com is most likely biased towards free online file sharing, but the information that I got from them was purely fact-based, like when Napster was launched and so forth. I think that I got a good variety of journalists opinions on the issue of online file-sharing. Each of them had to take an opinion on the subject because it is part of their job. And, for the most part, I dont believe there was any kind of prior incentive to their taking one side or the other. Each of them has an extensive technological background and I think they looked at the issue pretty objectively. I learned a lot about online music from this project. I never realized what an important part of the technology community it plays. It is fun to download free music, rate it, and perhaps even discuss it with fellow music lovers. And it is convenient and thrifty to be able to check out albums before you decide to buy them. My final decision is that online music is a positive aspect of the internet that I hope, somehow, will continue to remain free and entertain music lovers through the means of the internet.

Decision-Making Models Essay -- Decision Making

Decision-Making Models Negotiations and decisions are a part of everyday business. In order to make a successful decision, it is necessary to understand how to make rational and sound decisions. Decisions that are rash, made on snap judgments, and past experiences can prove detrimental to a business. A deficit in basic thinking and decision making is felt at all levels of an organization (Gary, 1997). Decisions can have long term and short term impacts on organizations and their world in which they exist (Turner & Dean, 2008). In order to understand the process of making a sound and good decision, it is necessary to define and understand several decision-making models. These models help to make clear the issues to be addressed and the goals that need to be obtained before a final decision is made. This paper will discuss the zero sum game, win-win, satisfying solutions, and the fixed pie models. Zero-sum game can play an important role wherein one entity wants or needs to dominate the other. Of the several decision-making models that can be implemented, the zero sum game is one decision model used in negotiations. In this instance, there is a winner and a loser. There is no give and take or compromise. The zero-sum can be seen in chess – only one player can win. However, in Monopoly, if it is not played with the intention of having one winner, but several players to place, is a non-zero-sum game, also known as a win-win (US department of state, n.d.). The second model is the non-zero, also known as the win-win model. This is used in compromises so that each of the â€Å"players† feels like a winner. The total amount gained is variable; therefore, both players win and lose objectives (Heylighen, 1993). In this model, eac... ...9712C, 15-18. Heylighen, F. (2000). Principia Cybernetica Web, in: Heylighen, F., Joslyn, C. and Turchin, V. (eds): Principia Cybernetica Web. Retrieved November 15, 2010, from http://pcp.lanl.gov/ZESUGAM.html Spangler, B. (2003). Distributive bargaining: Beyond Intractability. Guy Burgess & Heidi Burgess (eds.). Conflict Research Consortium, University of Colorado, Boulder. Retrieved November 16, 2010, from http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/distributive_bargaining. Turner & Dean (2008). Testing the effects of prior performance on decision regret: Doubling-down, or all bets are off? Journal of Global Business Issues; 2, 1 13. U.S. Department of State (n.d.). Consulate General of the United States: Zero sum game between russia and the U.S. is gone with the cold war. Retrieved November 15, 2010, from http://www.vladivostok.usconsulate.gov/zerosum.html

In What Ways and to What Extent Was China Modernized During the Republican Period (1912-49)?

In what ways and to what extent was China modernized during the Republican period (1912-49)? After the fall of Qing Dynasty in 1911, the unprecedented, new form of government emerged in China immediately. Whereafter the betrayal of the Republic of Yuan Shikai (1913-1916) and the turmoil of Warlordism (1916-27), China was in a relative stable situation till the Nationalist Government was established in Nanjing in 1928, a period first possible for any modernization effort.That is, most of the modernization efforts, both externally and internally, which including diplomacy, financial, industry, education, of the Republican period (1912-49), were done in the Nationalist Government period, from 1928-37, and subsequently disturbed and made impossible by the Sino-Japanese War. The external modernizations made by the Nanjing Government were unprecedented, which revealed by the revival of tariff autonomy and recovery of foreign concessions. Diplomatically, during the Nanjing Government period , the tariff autonomy was regained, to replace the fixed tariff of 5 percent ad valorem imposed after the Opium War in 1842.Adding to this, in 1928, two guiding principles in which treaties and agreement s that had expired would be abolish and renegotiated according to legal procedures. That is, the foreign powers agreed in principle to give up their consular jurisdiction. Furthermore, several municipal foreign concessions, including the one in Hankow, Kiukiang, Chinkiang, Weihaiwei, Amoy and Tientsin, were recovered. And in 1943 finally the United States and Britain voluntarily abolished all unequal treaties with China. The century-long humiliation upon the Chinese was finally abolished while China could gain a place in the foreign diplomatic map.Internally, political structure was modernized in terms of the clear establishment of separating powers as changed from the absolute Chinese monarchical rule. The dominant feature of the Nanjing Government was its five-yuan structure, incl uding the Executive Yuan, the Legislative Yuan, the Judiciary Yuan, the Examination Yuan and the Control Yuan. Each Yuan owned their special authorities in the Government politics. This fulfilled The Three People’s Priciples, the Five-Power Constitution, the Fundamentals of National Reconstruction, proposed by Dr Sun Yixian.In 1928, the Nanjing Government also brought China into the Period of Political Tutelage. Although the Executive Yuan was different to the Western practice, in terms of the organ was responsible to the party (KMT) and the president of the republic (Jiang Jieshi), basically, the political structure was modernized in the Nanjing period. Besides, people mind was modernized in terms of voicing their opinions actively and bravely. The 1911 Revolution gave a new sense to the people that mass opinion could place a weigh in the society, which was unprecedented in Chinese history.This could be reflected by several mass movements since 1912, Chinese people were brav e to voice their opinion upon social, mostly, and foreign affairs. The most notable were the May Fourth Incident in 1919, and the May 30th Atrocious Incident in 1925. Chinese people in the former successfully voiced their nationalism of which not accepting the unfair treatment in the Paris Peace Conference, used mass power to give pressure on the exiting government, forcing it to release strikers, and striking a general boycott on Japanese goods.The Chinese participated in both incidents were diverse, including students, workers and merchants alike. This showed the modernized, mature mind of Chinese people. Politics was modernizing in terms of the circulation of different opinion freely: the emergence of the Nationalist Party and Communist Party. Although the Nationalist Party, the KMT (Kuomintang), was established and in power immediately after the 1911 Revolution, the rapid intellectual development was not barred from that.Amid those eagerness to acquire western ideologies and ref orming China, different â€Å"isms† were introduced. Confronting to the relatively more capitalistic KMT, the CPC, the Communist Party of China, emerged at the same time. Until 1949, the two ideology-confronted parties were working in China, which showed a relatively modernized Chinese society that could allow different ideologies. Practically, many modernization efforts were made by the Nationalistic Government domestically. In the financial aspects In the industrial development aspects,In the education aspect, But all the modernizations mentioned above were constrained to a limited extent. This was mainly because the interference of internal and external upheavals: the warlord periods and the Sino-Japanese War. These modernization efforts could only be done in the Nationalist Government period, from 1928-37, this confined the scope and the extent. Secondly, there was no any social and economic reform. Thirdly, all modernization efforts were confined to the coastal areas, an d untouched by the vast rural mass.Also the classes incurred in several mass movements were yield to the hard life in wars and no longer willing to voice their opinion. Fourthly, there were no modernizations on the majority population: peasants. Fifthly, the multi party politics was never realized in China, and the introduction of constitution never materialized six years after 1928. Only external modernizations were realized and truly beneficial to Chinese, the majority Chinese. The internal material modernizations were only confined to the Nationalistic Government period, and limited places in China.